When was the water tank invented?

No matter how much science and technology evolve with time, the dependency of humans on water is never likely to change. The same was true in the reverse end of the time line as well. Today, we store water mostly in the plastic water storage tanks, of various materials or choice and availability, predominantly the plastic water storage tanks. In future, the materials like to evolve a lot, for further convenience of humans, without a doubt.

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A water storage tank is a large container that collects and stores a rather large quantity of water for a various everyday purpose, from drinking, bathing, to irrigation and doing other chores.

The need of storing water was raised by the early civilization as well. In many of the archiological sites, we come across the presence of man-made water storage bodies, such as step well, and cistern. The evidence of the existence of the water storage tanks goes back to as early as Indus valley civilization.it dates back to around to BC.

Though few of them were naturally occurring structure, discovered and later used by the ancient civilization, they adopted the idea and later designed and made some on their own as well, mostly out of granules, wood, and stones. Though there remained a big issue of the quality of the water as it was often got contaminated with algae animal waste and dirt etc.

Later its utility spread throughout the world and several civilizations began to adopt the same. Particularly the castles, and monasteries began building and using these. Several medieval civilizations modified and created the design and produced cisterns instead. Unlike the step wells and open water tanks, the cisterns were designed in the underground. Thereby the level of contamination was somewhat lesser than the previous ones.

Gradually, people started building smaller sized water tanks for family or separate socialites. Also, the material used for it changed as well. Nowadays, there are several types of materials used for the same. Each having its own set of advantages and disadvantages, but the use of plastic water storage tanks are the most prevalent ones.

Several other advancements also came in the modern times. Underground tanks were manufactured, and so was the traditional overhead tanks. Due to lack of owning personal space, most people prefer the overhead tank over its counterpart.

The history of water tank was long and evolutionary, and certainly, the story will keep going on in the future as well.

Container for storing water

Water tank used in municipal water treatment plant in Houston, Texas Water tank from in Hanover, Germany

A water tank is a container for storing water, for many applications, drinking water, irrigation, fire suppression, farming, both for plants and livestock, chemical manufacturing, food preparation as well as many other uses. Water tank parameters include the general design of the tank, and choice of construction materials, linings. Various materials are used for making a water tank: plastics (polyethylene, polypropylene), fiberglass, concrete, stone, steel (welded or bolted,[citation needed] carbon, or stainless). Earthen pots, such as matki used in South Asia, can also be used for water storage. Water tanks are an efficient way to help developing countries to store clean water.[1]

History

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Stone water tank in a castle courtyard, Saxony, Germany

Throughout history, wood, ceramic and stone tanks have been used as water tanks. These containers were all naturally occurring and some man made and a few of these tanks are still in service. The Indus Valley civilization (&#; BC) made use of granaries and water tanks. Medieval castles needed water tanks for the defenders to withstand a siege. A wooden water tank found at the Año Nuevo State Reserve (California) was restored to functionality after being found completely overgrown with ivy. It had been built in .[2]

Types

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Chemical contact tank of FDA and NSF polyethylene construction, allows for retention time for chemical treatment chemicals to "contact" (chemically treat) with product water.

The taanka is used in Rajasthan as a traditional form of rainwater harvesting

Ground water tank, made of lined carbon steel, may receive water from a water well or from surface water, allowing a large volume of water to be placed in inventory and used during peak demand cycles.

An elevated water tank, also known as a water tower, will create a pressure at the ground-level outlet of 1 kPa per 10.2 centimetres (4.0 in) or 1 psi per 2.31 feet (0.70 m) of elevation. Thus a tank elevated to 20 metres creates about 200 kPa and a tank elevated to 70 feet creates about 30 psi of discharge pressure, sufficient for most domestic and industrial requirements.

Vertical cylindrical dome top tanks may hold from 200 litres or fifty gallons to several million gallons. Horizontal cylindrical tanks are typically used for transport because their low-profile creates a low center of gravity helping to maintain equilibrium for the transport vehicle, trailer or truck.

A Hydro-pneumatic tank is typically a horizontal pressurized storage tank. Pressurizing this reservoir of water creates a surge free delivery of stored water into the distribution system.

Glass-reinforced plastic (GRP) tanks/vessels are used to store liquids underground.[citation needed]

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Design

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Water tank in Seoul, Korea

By design a water tank or container should do no harm to the water. Water is susceptible to a number of ambient negative influences, including bacteria, viruses, algae, changes in pH, accumulation of minerals, and accumulated gas. The contamination can come from a variety of origins including piping, tank construction materials, animal and bird feces, mineral and gas intrusion. A correctly designed water tank works to address and mitigate these negative effects. It is desirable that water tanks be cleaned annually to reduce delivery of algae, bacteria and viruses to people or animals.[citation needed]

A safety based news article linked copper poisoning as originating from a plastic tank. The article indicated that rainwater was collected and stored in a plastic tank and that the tank did nothing to mitigate the low pH. The water was then brought into homes with copper piping, the copper was released by the high acid rainwater and caused poisoning in humans.[citation needed] Since the plastic tank is an inert container, it has no effect on the incoming water. Good practice would be to analyze any water source periodically and treat accordingly, in this case, the collected acid rain should be analyzed, and pH adjusted before being brought into a domestic water supply system.

The release of copper due to acidic water may be monitored by a variety of technology, beginning with pH strips and going to more sophisticated pH monitors, indicate pH which when acidic or caustic, some with output communication capabilities. Most of the algae growth occurs at an optimum pH,  between 8.2 - 8.7. pH level that is neutral or lower can help to reduce the growth of algae. Potential algaecide, shock product will help to clean swimming pools or water tanks from algae. In this process no need to use vacuum cleaner to remove algae.[citation needed] There is no causative link between the plastic tank and copper poisoning, a solution to the problem is to monitor stored rainwater with pH indicators and add appropriate treatment materials.

Advances in Water Tank Inspection Technologies

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Recent advancements in water tank inspection and maintenance have significantly enhanced system safety and longevity. Key among these technologies are remotely operated vehicles (ROVs) and thermal imaging, which have become instrumental in early detection of potential issues.

ROVs offer a non-intrusive means to inspect water tanks, allowing for detailed examination without direct human entry, thereby increasing operational safety and efficiency.[3] Thermal imaging, on the other hand, is particularly effective in low-visibility and harsh environments, as it facilitates the identification of temperature anomalies that may indicate leaks, weaknesses, or other faults within the tank structure. This application of thermal imaging in structural health monitoring has been substantiated in recent studies,.[4][5] Together, these technologies enable comprehensive diagnostics that surpass traditional inspection methods, ensuring water tanks meet the highest standards of reliability and regulatory compliance.

See also

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References

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