What bags are actually compostable?
Do You Really Need Compostable Bags for Your Food Scraps?
If you save food scraps for composting, lining your kitchen collection bin with a bag labeled as compostable or biodegradable may seem like a great way to keep it clean and transport all those veggie peels and coffee grinds to your compost heap or municipal dropoff point. However, whether or not you actually need to buy those liners depends on several factorsand in fact, many experts say its better to forgo liners altogether or just reuse paper bags instead.
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Here's what you need to know about compost bin liners, why they may do more harm than good even if theyre compostable, and how you can keep your kitchen tidy without them.
What are compostable bags or bin liners?
Compostable bags may look and feel similar to plastic produce bags made from petroleum, but theyre manufactured out of plant-based materials, such as vegetable starches, wood pulp, lactic acid, or soy proteins. These materials are designed to be consumed by microorganisms that help them decompose into the soil-like organic substance we know as compost.
The problem is that not all composting systems create the right environment for these bags to fully break down. Typically, only municipal or commercial composting facilitiesnot home composting setupsgenerate enough heat, moisture, and airflow to allow for full decomposition. But these facilities can also differ in their capacities, so even if your food scraps get collected for off-site composting, compostable bags may still be prohibited.
Can I put compostable bags in with my food waste?
It depends. Just as every town seems to have its own set of rules about what kind of recycling it accepts, one composting system may differ from another in its ability to take compostable bags.
The most important thing you can do is confirm with your municipal collection, compost drop-off, or private composting service what kinds of materials are and arent allowed and then abide by that.
If you are allowed to use compostable bags, your best bet is to look for ones with a logo from the Biodegradable Products Institute, a not-for-profit organization that issues a compostability certification widely considered the gold standard in the US. (You can also check here to see if an item is BPI certified.) The certification relies in part on ASTM International compostability standards to determine whether an item will break down quickly, completely and safely, when composted in well-run municipal and commercial facilities. It also prohibits the addition of per- and polyfluorinated substances (PFAS), which are sometimes used in packaging and can persist in the environment for a very long time.
Look for a BPI logo on compostable bags. This certification is widely considered to be the gold standard for compostable items in the US. But as always, check with your composting system to see whats accepted.Can I put compostable bags in my home compost heap?
You probably dont want to, since they likely wont decompose well. At-home composting systems, including tumblers, in-ground composters, and worm towers, typically dont generate enough heat to fully break the bags down. We have experimented with trying to compost these bags in backyard tumblers and did not have much success; they composted somewhat, but definitely not fully, Michelle Bradley, co-founder of Javas Compost, a private composting service in New Jersey, said in an interview.
Can I compost so-called biodegradable plastic bags?
No, you cant. A bag (or another disposable item, like plastic cutlery) thats labeled biodegradable is not necessarily also compostable. In fact, BPI executive director Rhodes Yepsen said in an interview that biodegradable is a word thats too vague to be meaningful as a marketing term on its own without additional context. A manufacturer can call an item biodegradable without specifying that the degradation process could take centuries or require a specific environment to thoroughly degrade. The term also doesnt necessarily mean that the item breaks down into nontoxic components, either; it just means that, sooner or later, it breaks down into something else.
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Its not a real thing, at least not in terms of waste management, said New York City Department of Sanitation commissioner Jessica Tisch in a interview. If a product cant be composted, its going to a landfill. And if its going to a landfill, the biodegradable stuff in a landfill sits there for decades or centuries.
How can I keep my kitchen scrap bin clean?
Some cities suggest residents use brown paper bags or newspaper as liners for their food-scrap containers instead of buying so-called compostable bags. But as always, if youre participating in an off-site composting program, its best to confirm if paper bags are accepted. For at-home composting, brown paper bags are a great addition to your pile, since paper goods can improve the nutritional balance of compost.
Stashing food scraps in your freezer is another way to keep things tidy and odor free. Tisch (who opts for this method at home) noted that if you store your compost in the freezer you can forgo a countertop bin altogether; instead, you can use something like an old plastic takeout container, which you can wash between uses.
If you opt for a countertop container, one with a built-in charcoal filter helps reduce odor. (The Oggi Countertop Compost Pail comes with a filter and is a staff favorite.) And, of course, if you take out the bin often and rinse it out after each use, smells shouldnt build up in the first place.
If youre looking for more recommendations about what to do with those scraps after youve collected them, check out our staffs favorite compost bins.
This article was edited by Katie Okamoto and Christine Cyr Clisset.
Sources
1. Michelle Bradley, co-founder of Javas Compost, interview, September 13,
2. Rhodes Yepsen, executive director at Biodegradable Products Institute, interview, September 19,
3. Jessica Tisch, commissioner of the New York City Department of Sanitation, interview, September 29,
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