How to Select the Correct Fiber Optics Cable

Sorting through cables and connectivity options can be a daunting task. Deciphering the differences among copper networking cables is challenging enough, but when you dive into the world of fiber optic cables, it can become overwhelming. This article aims to help you navigate the complexities of selecting the appropriate fiber optic cable for your needs.

Fiber optic cables are used in a diverse array of applications, ranging from small office LANs to extensive data centers and even intercontinental communication links. For example, the data lines connecting North America and Europe are composed of fiber optic cables laid beneath the ocean floor. This guide will primarily focus on the types of cables suitable for smaller-scale networks closer to home, particularly pre-terminated cables such as "patch cords" or "pre-terms."

Understanding Multimode and Singlemode

When choosing fiber optic cables, one of the earliest decisions you'll need to make is selecting between multimode and singlemode fibers. The mode describes how light travels within the cable, and it’s crucial to know the differences as these modes are not interchangeable. Unlike singlemode patch cords, which have limited variations, multimode fibers come in multiple types, including OM1, OM2, and OM3. These types differ in terms of speed, bandwidth, and distance capabilities and your choice should be influenced by the specifications of the hardware in use and any existing fiber connections. Below is a detailed table outlining the differences among OM varieties for your reference.

Choosing the Right Jackets

The environment where the fiber will be installed significantly impacts the choice of the jacket material. The standard type is known as OFNR (Optical Fiber Non-conductive Riser), which is metal-free and suitable for riser applications, such as moving from one floor to another. Alternatively, OFNP (plenum-rated) jackets are designed for plenum spaces like drop ceilings or raised floors and adhere to stringent fire codes. Data centers often require plenum-rated cables. One more option is the LSZH (Low Smoke Zero Halogen) jacket that emits minimal smoke and non-toxic halogen compounds when burned. It's essential to consult local fire codes to determine the appropriate jacket type for your installation.

Simplex vs. Duplex Cables

The primary difference between simplex and duplex cables is the number of fibers and connectors at each end. Simplex cables have one fiber and one connector at each end, while duplex cables have two of each. Duplex patch cords are more prevalent because most fiber-optic devices require two fibers, one for transmitting and one for receiving data signals. However, certain scenarios may only necessitate a simplex patch cord. When in doubt, opt for duplex cords; you can always use just one of the fibers if needed.

Connector Types

Unlike copper cables, where an 8-position modular RJ-45 plug is a standard end connector, fiber optic patch cords offer multiple connector options. Here are the most common types:

• LC – A small square connector held in place with a push/pull mechanism, currently the most popular type.
• SC – Similar to LC but about twice the size, also using a push/pull mechanism.
• ST – A round connector with a bayonet-style mechanism, once the most popular but now losing ground.
• MTRJ – A connector similar in appearance to the RJ-style modular plug.

Understanding these characteristics will enormously aid you in selecting the appropriate fiber optic patch cables, ensuring you meet your network requirements successfully.

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