Are Bamboo Products And Clothes Really Sustainable?

How are bamboo products and clothes produced?

Producing bamboo fabric is very different from making basic bamboo products, such as bamboo straws or cutlery. 

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How do we make basic bamboo products? 

Bamboo plants generally take between four and five years to grow and become dense enough to be harvested. When they reach their optimal size, farmers cut the bamboos individually and send them to manufacturers. 

The plants are cut into lengthwise strips for processing, and machines are used to remove the outer layer of the bamboo. After that, several strips are bundled up together and put into a high-pressured steamer, which changes the color of the plant. 

The steamer cooks the sugar contents and turns the strips into caramelized bamboo strips. Because of the high moisture levels, the whole process also makes them expand and become more durable. 

The bamboo strips are then dried, sorted based on their color, and inspected to make sure they won&#;t break easily. The next step involves gluing the bamboo strips together using a hydraulic press, which creates entire panels made of bamboo.  

Finally, specialized machines are used to cut the panels into customized shapes, depending on the final product that is supposed to be made. After a few additional quality checks, the panels are molded into finished products.  

How are bamboo fabrics made?

When we look at bamboo fabrics, it seems like they have nothing to do with the original plant. That is because the plant goes through an entirely different production process compared to other bamboo products. 

There are two main production methods to make bamboo fabrics, each one leading to a different type of fabric.  

Bamboo Viscose or Rayon

Nowadays, the majority of bamboo fabrics you can find on the market are bamboo viscose, which is manufactured using the same process as rayon. 

To produce bamboo viscose, cellulose is extracted from the wood pulp of the plant: bamboos are broken down into small chunks and are then cooked with chemical solvents to remove the cellulose. 

The next step involves compressing the extracted cellulose into sheets, exposing it to carbon disulfide, and filtering it. After that, it is pushed through a spinneret, which creates strands that are then immersed in sulfuric acid.    

This process produces filaments, and these are spun into yarn. Finally, the yarn will be woven into fabric. 

Bamboo Linen or Lyocell

The second method we can use to produce bamboo fabric is mechanical, using a closed-loop production process.

Initially, the bamboos are crushed into a mush, and they are broken down using natural enzymes. Doing this does not chemically alter the structure of the cellulose. 

The fibers are then washed and combed out, and finally, spun into yarn. The resulting fabric looks and feels like linen, and it is not as soft as bamboo viscose.  

This production method is more expensive and labor-intensive, but as we will see later, it is a lot more sustainable than producing bamboo viscose. Unfortunately, it is very difficult to find bamboo linen on the market at the moment. 

How sustainable is bamboo?

Again, due to how different bamboo products and bamboo fabrics are made, we need to separate them to better understand when bamboo is sustainable, and when it is not. 

How sustainable are bamboo products?

Let&#;s focus on bamboo products in general. These could include all kinds of items made of bamboo, like cutlery, straws, bowls, furniture, or even paper. 

Why Bamboo Can be an Eco-Friendly Material 

One of the main advantages of bamboo compared to other materials is that it is the fastest growing plant on the planet. It means that it is an extremely renewable resource! 

Buying an item made of bamboo instead of normal wood is a lot more sustainable because bamboo regrows in three years, while trees can take decades to regrow once they are cut. Not to mention that bamboo self-regenerates from its own root system, so there is no need to replant it. 

It also reduces the demand for tropical wood, which takes the pressure off forests in many parts of the world where there is massive deforestation. And the plant can even thrive in subpar soil, where others would not be able to grow. 

As it is naturally pest-resistant, bamboo does not need any pesticides or herbicides to grow, and it needs very little water compared to many other crops. 

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Another benefit of bamboo is that the plant&#;s roots develop to create a fibrous network underground, which helps improve the soil quality and prevents soil erosion. 

Bamboo also produces 35% more oxygen and absorbs five times more CO2 than similar plants, which is great for mitigating climate change. 

Finally, one of the main reasons why bamboo products are seen as eco-friendly is because they are 100% biodegradable. It means that you can compost them at the end of their life, and if they get lost in nature, they will decompose fairly quickly unlike plastic. 

However, the Way We Produce Bamboo is Very Unsustainable

As we just saw, bamboo in itself can be a sustainable raw material to create all kinds of bamboo products. Unfortunately, the way we produce it in our societies is far from being eco-friendly! 

The demand for bamboo products has drastically increased over the past decades. To meet this growing demand, very large areas of land are being cleared to create new bamboo forests. 

This is crazy because, as we mentioned previously, producing products out of bamboo was supposed to reduce deforestation since the demand for other types of wood is relatively decreasing!

The massive deforestation we are observing to create bamboo forests is leading to biodiversity loss and displacement of local wildlife. 

Another issue is that these newly created forests of bamboo are monocultures, which means that bamboo is the only plant that is grown and all other varieties are eliminated.   

And just like with any monoculture, the whole local ecosystem disappears. All the animals and plants that used to live there and rely on the ecosystem for food and habitat either die or need to migrate somewhere else. 

Moreover, monocultures can attract pests more easily. For instance, if a bug loves bamboo, it will have such an abundance of bamboo in a monoculture that it will be able to multiply and it may cause problems to the new forest. 

This is part of the reason why bamboo producers massively use pesticides and other chemicals to grow their bamboo and keep pests away. But these chemicals are also widely used simply to increase yields, which is sad because bamboos do not even need them to grow!  

Of course, pesticides and herbicides are very detrimental to the environment as well as to farmers&#; health. Unfortunately, there is no regulation regarding the use of pesticides in this industry and in the countries where bamboo is generally produced.  

Another issue caused by this mass-scale bamboo production is that the harvesting methods are often unsustainable as they lower the regenerative rate of new bamboo shoots.

Bamboo is also at risk from overharvesting. According to the United Nations, about half of all the varieties of bamboo are in danger of being eradicated or already extinct.  

How about bamboo fabric? 

Since bamboo fabric is made with bamboo plants, we need to take into account all the environmental impacts of growing bamboo that we just mentioned previously. 

But according to the FTC, when the plant has been chemically processed to become a fabric, &#;there is no trace of the original plant left&#;. The production process of the fabric itself also causes environmental issues that we need to be aware of. 

If we look at bamboo lyocell (made using a mechanical processing method in a closed-loop system), the production process is not perfect, but it can be sustainable. 

The bamboo is broken down using natural or non-toxic enzymes, and the solvents are reused again and again and do not end up in the environment. Water waste is also minimal. 

However, most bamboo fabrics on the market are bamboo viscose (made using a chemical processing method). This production process is very energy-intensive and wasteful, as the solvents are not reused. 

It also involves using a lot of hazardous chemicals, including caustic soda and carbon disulfide. Both of these are harmful to human health, and the second can be a threat to aquatic life when it is released in water.  

Thus, the majority of bamboo fabrics are made in a way that exposes workers to dangerous substances, so producing them is not only unsustainable but also highly unethical! 

What products are made from bamboo? It&#;s often one of the first questions people ask when they are starting to learn about this amazing plant. I usually answer with the rhetorical question: What products can be made from wood? Fact is, everything that can be made from wood can also be made with bamboo. However, the advantage of bamboo is that it grows incredibly fast, that it can be harvested on an annual basis without damaging or having to re-plant the plantation or forest, and that bamboo has some superior mechanical properties compared to traditional timbers.

There are currently thousands of commercial bamboo products on the market, and new innovative uses and applications are added every day. This goes from construction materials to food, medicine, musical instruments, fabrics, paper pulp, fencing, basketry, utensils, bicycles, and so on&#; Therefor te better question would be: What products cannot be made from bamboo? Or as the ancient Asian saying goes: 
"A man is born in a bamboo cradle and goes away in a bamboo coffin. Everything in between is possible with bamboo!"

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