Comparison of advantages and disadvantages of various ...

Comparison of advantages and disadvantages of various energy storage systems

For more information, please visit CE certified battery assembly equipment.

"Lithium battery" is a class of lithium metal or lithium alloy as a negative electrode material, the use of non-aqueous electrolyte solution of the battery, due to the chemical characteristics of lithium metal is very active, so that the processing of lithium metal, preservation, use, the environmental requirements are very high. With the development of science and technology, lithium batteries have now become the mainstream.

Its main advantages are: long service life, high storage energy density, light weight, strong adaptability:

The disadvantages are poor safety, explosive, high cost, and restricted use conditions.

2. Ternary lithium battery

Ternary polymer lithium battery refers to the positive electrode material using nickel cobalt manganese oxide lithium (L I (NiCoMr) O2) ternary cathode material lithium battery, ternary composite cathode material is nickel salt, cobalt salt, manganese salt as raw materials, the proportion of nickel cobalt manganese can be adjusted according to actual needs, ternary material to do the positive battery relative to lithium cobalt acid battery safety is high, but the voltage is too low, With a mobile (mobile cut-off voltage is generally around 3.0V), there will be an obvious sense of insufficient capacity.

Its main advantages are: high energy density, the same capacity of small volume.

The disadvantages are: poor thermal stability, internal short circuit is easy to produce open flame, capacity attenuation is fast, and life is short.



It is a battery whose electrodes are mainly made of lead and its oxides, and whose electrolyte is a sulfuric acid solution. In the discharge state of lead-acid battery, the main component of the positive electrode is lead dioxide, and the main component of the negative electrode is lead. In the charging state, the main components of the positive and negative electrodes are lead sulfate.

Its main advantages are: safe sealing, deflating system, simple maintenance, long service life, stable quality, high reliability;

The disadvantages are: the pollution of lead is larger, and the energy density is low (that is, too heavy).



It is a lithium ion battery using lithium iron phosphate as a positive electrode material. The main cathode materials of lithium-ion batteries are lithium cobalt, lithium manganate, lithium nickel, ternary materials, lithium iron phosphate and so on. Lithium cobaltate is the anode material used in most lithium-ion batteries.

Its main advantages are: excellent charge and discharge performance, no memory effect, long life, good high temperature resistance, good safety performance, environmental protection;

The disadvantages are: lower energy density, larger volume of the same capacity, slightly reduced low temperature performance, and higher manufacturing costs.

In the current security industry, taking into account security and capacity stability factors, lithium iron phosphate batteries are the current mainstream choice.

5. sodium sulfur battery Sodium sulfur battery,

It is a secondary battery with sodium metal as the negative electrode, sulfur as the positive electrode and ceramic tube as the electrolyte diaphragm. At a certain working degree, the reversible reaction between sodium ions and sulfur occurs through the electrolyte diaphragm, forming the release and storage of energy.

Its main advantages are: specific energy up to 760Wh/kg, no self-discharge phenomenon, discharge efficiency of almost 100%, life can reach 10~15 years;

The disadvantage is that the high temperature of 350&#; melts sulfur and sodium.

6. flow battery flow energy storage battery

It is a kind of device suitable for fixed large-scale energy storage (power storage), compared with the currently commonly used lead-acid batteries, nickel-cadmium batteries and other secondary batteries, with power and energy storage capacity can be independently designed (energy storage medium stored outside the battery), high efficiency, long life, deep discharge, environmental friendliness and other advantages, is one of the preferred technologies for large-scale energy storage technology.

Its main advantages are: flexible layout, long cycle life, quick response, will not produce harmful emission;

The disadvantage is that the energy density varies greatly.

7. lithium manganese acid battery lithium manganese acid battery

It refers to the battery using lithium manganate material in the positive pole, the nominal voltage of lithium manganate battery is 2.5~4.2v, and lithium manganate battery is widely used with low cost and good safety.

Its main advantages are: high energy density, low cost, high safety and stable low temperature performance.

The disadvantage is that the high temperature performance is poor and the life is relatively short.

8. lithium cobalt acid battery

Lithium cobalt acid battery structure stability, high capacity ratio, outstanding comprehensive performance, but its poor safety, very high cost, mainly used in small and medium-sized cell, widely used in notebook computers, mobile phones, MP3/4 and other small electronic equipment, nominal voltage 3.7V.

Its main advantages are: high vibration density, good stability, stable structure, good product consistency.

The disadvantages are poor safety, very high cost, general cycle life, and poor material stability.



It is a battery with good performance. Ni-mh battery positive active substance is Ni (OH) 2 (called NiO electrode), negative active substance is metal hydride, also known as hydrogen storage alloy (electrode called hydrogen storage electrode), electrolyte is 6mol/L potassium hydroxide solution.

Its main advantages are: high energy density, fast charge and discharge speed, light weight, long life, no environmental pollution;

The disadvantages are slight memory effect, more management problems, and easy to form a single battery partition melting.

"Lithium battery" is a class of lithium metal or lithium alloy as a negative electrode material, the use of non-aqueous electrolyte solution of the battery, due to the chemical characteristics of lithium metal is very active, so that the processing of lithium metal, preservation, use, the environmental requirements are very high. With the development of science and technology, lithium batteries have now become the mainstream.Its main advantages are: long service life, high storage energy density, light weight, strong adaptability:The disadvantages are poor safety, explosive, high cost, and restricted use conditions.Ternary polymer lithium battery refers to the positive electrode material using nickel cobalt manganese oxide lithium (L I (NiCoMr) O2) ternary cathode material lithium battery, ternary composite cathode material is nickel salt, cobalt salt, manganese salt as raw materials, the proportion of nickel cobalt manganese can be adjusted according to actual needs, ternary material to do the positive battery relative to lithium cobalt acid battery safety is high, but the voltage is too low, With a mobile (mobile cut-off voltage is generally around 3.0V), there will be an obvious sense of insufficient capacity.Its main advantages are: high energy density, the same capacity of small volume.The disadvantages are: poor thermal stability, internal short circuit is easy to produce open flame, capacity attenuation is fast, and life is short.It is a battery whose electrodes are mainly made of lead and its oxides, and whose electrolyte is a sulfuric acid solution. In the discharge state of lead-acid battery, the main component of the positive electrode is lead dioxide, and the main component of the negative electrode is lead. In the charging state, the main components of the positive and negative electrodes are lead sulfate.Its main advantages are: safe sealing, deflating system, simple maintenance, long service life, stable quality, high reliability;The disadvantages are: the pollution of lead is larger, and the energy density is low (that is, too heavy).It is a lithium ion battery using lithium iron phosphate as a positive electrode material. The main cathode materials of lithium-ion batteries are lithium cobalt, lithium manganate, lithium nickel, ternary materials, lithium iron phosphate and so on. Lithium cobaltate is the anode material used in most lithium-ion batteries.Its main advantages are: excellent charge and discharge performance, no memory effect, long life, good high temperature resistance, good safety performance, environmental protection;The disadvantages are: lower energy density, larger volume of the same capacity, slightly reduced low temperature performance, and higher manufacturing costs.In the current security industry, taking into account security and capacity stability factors, lithium iron phosphate batteries are the current mainstream choice.It is a secondary battery with sodium metal as the negative electrode, sulfur as the positive electrode and ceramic tube as the electrolyte diaphragm. At a certain working degree, the reversible reaction between sodium ions and sulfur occurs through the electrolyte diaphragm, forming the release and storage of energy.Its main advantages are: specific energy up to 760Wh/kg, no self-discharge phenomenon, discharge efficiency of almost 100%, life can reach 10~15 years;The disadvantage is that the high temperature of 350&#; melts sulfur and sodium.It is a kind of device suitable for fixed large-scale energy storage (power storage), compared with the currently commonly used lead-acid batteries, nickel-cadmium batteries and other secondary batteries, with power and energy storage capacity can be independently designed (energy storage medium stored outside the battery), high efficiency, long life, deep discharge, environmental friendliness and other advantages, is one of the preferred technologies for large-scale energy storage technology.Its main advantages are: flexible layout, long cycle life, quick response, will not produce harmful emission;The disadvantage is that the energy density varies greatly.It refers to the battery using lithium manganate material in the positive pole, the nominal voltage of lithium manganate battery is 2.5~4.2v, and lithium manganate battery is widely used with low cost and good safety.Its main advantages are: high energy density, low cost, high safety and stable low temperature performance.The disadvantage is that the high temperature performance is poor and the life is relatively short.Lithium cobalt acid battery structure stability, high capacity ratio, outstanding comprehensive performance, but its poor safety, very high cost, mainly used in small and medium-sized cell, widely used in notebook computers, mobile phones, MP3/4 and other small electronic equipment, nominal voltage 3.7V.Its main advantages are: high vibration density, good stability, stable structure, good product consistency.The disadvantages are poor safety, very high cost, general cycle life, and poor material stability.It is a battery with good performance. Ni-mh battery positive active substance is Ni (OH) 2 (called NiO electrode), negative active substance is metal hydride, also known as hydrogen storage alloy (electrode called hydrogen storage electrode), electrolyte is 6mol/L potassium hydroxide solution.Its main advantages are: high energy density, fast charge and discharge speed, light weight, long life, no environmental pollution;The disadvantages are slight memory effect, more management problems, and easy to form a single battery partition melting.

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From tools and toys to medication and workwear, the CE symbol can be found on a wide range of products. But what is the meaning of a CE marking exactly? Many consumers might assume that the CE marking is a seal of quality, but in reality, it simply indicates that a product meets specific safety standards. Our guide explains why this distinction is crucial and which products are legally required to bear the CE marking.

What is the meaning of the CE symbol?

CE is interpreted as &#;Conformité Européenne&#; (European conformity). The CE certification, commonly referred to as the CE mark, indicates that a product meets the safety regulations applicable in the EU for its respective product category. This involves meeting specific material, manufacturing and testing requirements as outlined in the industry-specific directives of the EU.

Both domestically produced goods and imported products must bear the CE certification in order to be sold within the EU economic area. The mark is affixed by the manufacturer, or an authorized representative based in the EU. External testing by an independent test centre is not typically required, except in a few exceptional cases where a state inspection body (referred to as a &#;Notified Body&#;) may need to be consulted.

The CE certification is not a guarantee of superior quality that sets CE products apart from comparable competing products. Rather, it indicates that the product meets the minimum safety standards required for the European market. The CE marking serves as confirmation from the manufacturer that their product has been tested and:

1. meets the requirements of the relevant EU directives.

2. has undergone a conformity assessment procedure in accordance with the regulations.

CE certification requirements: which products are impacted?

Not all products require a CE certification. Instead, this obligation primarily applies to those that pose a safety and/or health risk and must meet specific occupational safety requirements. Whether a product is subject to CE marking regulations is determined by the relevant EU regulations for the industry or product category. It is prohibited to add the CE marking on products without legal requirement. For instance, the following devices and products must bear the CE symbol:

• technical devices, e.g., office lights
• medical products
• machines, e.g., pallet trucks
• toys
• electrically operated furnishings, e.g., adjustable office furniture

Verify and apply CE certification to applicable products

This is the process to follow if you intend to affix a CE certification to your devices or products.

1. Determine relevant regulations and guidelines

   First, ascertain which EU directive or regulation mandates the requirement for CE certification and identify the conditions that the product must meet in order to affix the CE mark.

2. Involvement of a notified body (if necessary)

   If the product is subject to high safety requirements, an independent body (such as an accredited laboratory, etc.) may need to conduct the testing, as specified in the relevant guidelines. Check if this applies to your product and contact the appropriate certification body if needed.

3. Conduct product testing and conformity assessment procedures

   Verify if the product complies with all legal requirements of both European and UK laws. A comprehensive risk analysis, including risk assessment, is also a crucial aspect.

4. Create technical documentation

   Document all stages of the product testing and generate the necessary documents and instructions for the product&#;s use (e.g., user manuals, operating or assembly instructions).

5. Applying CE certification

   Add the CE mark to the product in a conspicuous location, with a minimum height of 5mm. It must be clearly readable and durable. It is recommended to use the template provided by the European Commission. If a notified body was involved, the identification number should be included. If it is not feasible to label the product directly, the mark may also be placed on the packaging or included in the accompanying documentation.

6. Prepare an EU Declaration of Conformity

   Once the procedure is completed, you must create an EU Declaration of Conformity for your product. Sign and date the declaration to confirm that your product complies with the requirements of European legislation.

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CE marking requirements: regulations and legislation
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For each product, the regulations for CE certification is initially based on an EU regulation, which is then incorporated into UK law through specific legal texts. The table below provides an overview of the directives, ordinances, and laws that establish the obligation to obtain CE certification for various product groups.

CE certification obligation for
EU Directive/RegulationUK LawActive implantable medical devices90/385/EECMedicines and Medical Devices ActElevators/33/EU ENGeneral Product Safety RegulationsBuilding products305/Building Safety ActPressure devices/68/EUPressure Equipment (Safety) RegulationsSimple pressure vessels/29/EUSimple Pressure Vessels (Safety) RegulationsElectrical equipment for use within specific voltage limits/35/EUThe Electrical Equipment (Safety) RegulationsElectromagnetic compatibility/30/EUElectromagnetic Compatibility RegulationsExplosives for civil purposes/28/EUExplosives ActRadio equipment/53/EUThe Radio Equipment RegulationsGas appliances/142/EGGas Appliances RegulationEquipment and protective systems in potentially explosive atmospheres/34/EUEquipment and Protective Systems Intended for Use in Potentially Explosive Atmospheres RegulationsIn-Vitro-Diagnostic98/79/EGIVD RegulationMachinery/42/EGThe Supply of Machinery (Safety) RegulationsMedical devices93/42/EWGMedical Device RegulationsMeasuring devices/32/EUThe Measuring Instruments RegulationsNon-automatic scales/31/EUThe Non-automatic Weighing Instruments RegulationsPersonal protective equipment/425/EUPersonal Protective Equipment (Enforcement) RegulationsPyrotechnic items/23/EGPyrotechnic ArticlesFramework directive for environmentally friendly design of energy-using products (eco-design)/125/EGEcodesign for Energy-Related Products RegulationsRestriction on the Use of Certain Hazardous Substances in Electrical and Electronic Equipment Directive/65/EUWaste Electrical and Electronic EquipmentSafety of toys/48/EGToys (Safety) RegulationsPleasure boats/53/EURegulations for pleasure craftCertified cable cars for transporting passengers/9/EGLaws of the statesPerformance standards for newly installed hot water boilers fuelled by liquid or gaseous substances92/42/EWGWater Heaters Legislation

Regulations for UK

Since the UK left the EU, the CE certification is no longer valid in Great Britain. It was replaced by the UKCA certification (&#;UK Conformity Assessed&#;) in a legislative change. However, the UKCA compliance criteria are currently broadly in line with EU regulations. Separate regulations apply to Northern Ireland, which are laid down in the so-called Northern Ireland Protocol.

FAQ on CE certification

What is the meaning of the CE certification?

The CE certification, often referred to colloquially as the CE mark, indicates that a product complies with the safety regulations applicable in the EU for the respective product group. This entails certain requirements for the material, manufacture and testing of products. The CE certification does not have the meaning of quality or seal of approval.

What is the meaning of the UKCA certification?

The UKCA certification replaced the CE marking for products in the markets of Great Britain (England, Scotland and Wales &#; separate regulations apply to Northern Ireland). The UKCA mark applies to most products for which the CE marking could be used.

Which products require CE certification?

A CE certification obligation does not exist for all products, but primarily for those whose application or use entails a certain safety and/or health risk. These include, for example, technical devices, medical products and machines, but also toys. Whether the certification is necessary is based on EU regulations for the respective industry or product group.

Who is responsible for adding the CE mark to products? 

It is added by the manufacturer themselves or by an authorized representative based in the EU. External testing by an independent test centre is not typically required; only in a few exceptional cases does a state inspection body (commonly known as a &#;Notified Body&#;) need to be consulted. 

How does the certification of a product work?

1. Determine relevant regulations and guidelines
2. Involve a notified body (if necessary)
3. Carry out product testing and conformity assessment procedures
4. Create technical documentation
5. Attach the certification
6. Write an EU declaration of conformity

Does the CE certification have to be added to the product?

If it is not possible to directly label the product itself, it may also be put on the packaging or in the accompanying documents.

Image source: Jungheinrich AG

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